IKIP Special Publications: Entomofauna Book: Chapter 3.5.8

ENTOMOFAUNA OF THE KURIL ISLANDS

CHAPTER 3
SECTION 5. Order COLEOPTERA
Family CERAMBYCIDAE (long-horned beetles)
The long-horned beetles of the Kuril archipelago have been better studied by Japanese entomologists than other beetle families. Publications regarding them begin to appear in 1933. Twelve species of long-horned beetles on the southern and northern islands of the Range are cited in T. Kano's study (Kano, 1933-1934). K. Tamanuki (Tamanuki, 1933) notes the discovery of 6 species in the Kurils in an article on the long-horned beetles of Sakhalin. M. Matsushita (Matsushita, 1933c) describes Strangalia (s. str.) doii Mtst. on Iturup. H. Kôno (Kôno, 1936c) devotes a special article to the Kuril long-horned beetles, in which he cites 28 species for the southern region of the archipelago and only 1 species for the central and northern islands. Listings of Kuril long-horned beetles are also contained in a number of other Japanese studies published in the Japanese language and inaccessible for us. N. N. Plavil'shchikov also notes a number of species for the Kuril Range in monographic compendia on the long-horned beetles of the USSR (1932, 1936, 1940, 1958), evidently on the basis of published data, since he does not as a rule indicate specific find sites. A fairly short memorandum of E. Gilmour (Gilmour, 1960), on the long-horned beetles of the Kuril Islands that had been collected by Bergman, appeared in 1960; 13 species and 2 new aberrations are cited in it.
The materials we have collected have substantially amplified the information on the fauna of the Kuril long-horned beetles, increasing the list by 30 species. They have been published in a special article (Krivolutskaya, 1966). However, it became clear in the course of further investigations that we had identified several Japanese species inaccurately; revisions of their names are given in the present work. All the materials available in the literature on the long-horned beetles of the Kuril Islands were collected in S. Kuwayama's book (Kuwayama, 1967); unfortunately, the species we in fact erroneously identified found their way onto his list.
in the main, our own collections, some collections of G. Sh. Lafer and V. A. Nechaev, who worked on the Kuril Range at the same time as we, as well as published data of Japanese investigators, served as the basis for the writing of the present section. The identification of particular species was graciously checked and refined by J. L. Gressitt. Information on the general distribution of the species was borrowed from the above-mentioned works of N. N. Plavil'shchikov, H. Kôno (Kôno, 1936c), K. Tamanuki (Tamanuki, 1933), T. Kano (Kano, 1933-1934), J. L. Gressitt (Gressitt, 1951), T. Nakane (Nakane, 1962), G. O. Krivolutskaya (1961), A. I. Kurentsov (1950, 1959a, 1959b), L. A. Ivliev, and D. G. Kononov (1963, 1966a, 1966b). The distribution of individual species in the continental Far East was revised on the basis of the collections of the entomology laboratory of the Soil Biology Institute of the Far East Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
There are 68 species of long-horned beetles, belonging to 45 genera, known at the present time on the Kuril Islands: Prionus (1 species), Distenia (1), Rhagium (2), Evodinus (1), Gaurotes (1), Pseudopidonia (1), Grammoptera (1), Allosterna (1), Nivellia (1), Leptura (4), Judolia (2), Oedecnema (1), ^•Eustrangalis⁴ (1), Strangalia (11), Strangalina (1), Necydalis (1), Criocephalus (1), Megasemum (1), Asemum (2), Tetropium (2), Molorchus (1), Leontium (1), Xylotrechus (1), Cyrtoclytus (1), Chlorophorus (1), Paraclytus (1), Plectrura (1), Lamia (1), Monochamus (3), Dihammus (1), Mesosa (2), ^•Pterolophia (1), ^•Asaperda (2), Rhopaloscelis (1), ^•Doius (1), Pogonocherus (1), Acanthocinus (2), ^•Eryssamena (1), Exocentrus (1), ^•Miccolamia (1), Agapanthia (1), Eutetrapha (2), Cagosima (1), Glenea (1), and ^•Clytosemia (1).

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⁴ Genera marked by an inked-in dot are known in the USSR only on the Kuril Islands.
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In the list presented by S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967), the number of genera is greater. This is explained by the fact that Japanese entomologists have accepted the taxonomic division of the fam. Cerambycidae proposed by J. L. Gressitt (Gressitt, 1951), and in their turn, have distinguished several new genera (Nakane, 1962; Kuwayama, 1967, and others). By contrast with N. N. Plavil'shchikov (1936), J. L. Gressitt divides the fam. Cerambycidae not into 3, but 6 subfamilies, raising an additional three groups of genera (Disteniinae, Aseminae, Lepturinae) to subfamily rank. He also accepts a number of changes in the nomenclature of the genera of the tribe Lepturini. In particular, he calls the genus Leptura Anaplodera, assigning Judolia, Judolidia, Vadonia, and Anaploderomorpha to it as subgenera; on the other hand, he calls the genus Strangalia, Leptura, and he assigns the name Strangalia to the genus Strangalina. This change in the nomenclature was intensified by Japanese authors, who distinguished several more genera (Corymbia, Marthaleptura, Macroleptura, etc.) in this complex. We accept the well-argued, convincingly substantiated, taxonomic system in the fam. Cerambycidae proposed by N. N. Plavil'shchikov, which is traditional in the Soviet literature (1936, 1940, 1958).
It can be seen from the list cited that the overwhelming majority of the genera (35) are represented in the Kuril cerambycid fauna by just one species (some of the, it is true, are monotypic), 8 genera by two species, and only 3 genera by several species: Monochamus (3), Leptura (4), Strangalia (11).
The species composition of the long-horned beetles of the Kuril Islands may be considered elucidated in the main, although the possibility of finding several more rare Japanese species on Kunashir, as well as palaearctic species on the insufficiently studied central and northern islands, is not precluded. By comparison with the adjacent territories, the long-horned beetle fauna of the archipelago is appreciably impoverished, due to the dropping out of many palaearctic species. While 68 species are known on the Kurils, there are more than 100 on Hokkaido, 120 on Sakhalin, and more than 300 in Primorskiy Kray. The Kamchatka Peninsula is also very impoverished; 22 species have been noted there, including 7 comparatively recent ecdemics (Ivliev and Kononov, 1963); however, not one of these is encountered on the northern islands of the Range, where the impoverishment of the long-horned beetle fauna reaches an extreme. The impression of diversity and even richness of the long-horned beetles on the Kuril archipelago is created by the species inhabiting the southern islands, mainly Kunashir.
The distribution of the long-horned beetles on the islands is determined by the climatic conditions, and to an even greater degree, by the character of the forest vegetation. These insects, associated with specific woody species, are usually restricted to various forest formations. The number of species in various parts of the archipelago corresponds to the general patterns of distribution over the islands of the majority of groups of insects (Table 8).
It can be seen from the data presented that the marked impoverishment begins in the mid-region of the Range and reaches the minimum in the north, although it would seem that species associated in Kamchatka with the Japanese stone pine (Acmaeops septentrionis Thoms., A. pratensis Laich., A. smaragdula F., Nivellia sanguinosa Gyll., Judolia sexmaculata L.) might be present (Kurentsov and Ivliev, 1957; Ivliev and Kononov, 1963). Only one species is widely distributed over the entire Range, Plectrura metallica Bat., which lives on alder and willow. All the remaining species gravitate to adjacent islands, or are encountered in strictly localized areas within one island; this, for example, occurs on Kunashir in the region of the caldera of the Golovnin Volcano, a refuge of many southern species from various groups of insects (Table 8). It is precisely here that 13 species of long-horned beetles not encountered elsewhere are observed: Prionus insularis Motsch., Eustrangalis distenoides Bat., Strangalia latipennis Matsush., S. ochraceofasciata Motsch., Chlorophorus japonicus Chevrol., Monochamus nitens Bat., Dihammus fraudator Bat., Mesosa japonica Bat., M. senilis Bat., Pterolophia jugosa Bat., Asaperda agapanthina Bat., Rhopaloscelis unifasciatus Bless., and Clytosemia pulchra Bat.
As they are closely associated with their food plants, the long-horned beetles are quite clearly distributed with respect to plant associations. The largest number of species are confined to dark coniferous-broadleaved forests that flourish on the southern islands at locales of warmer microclimatic conditions, in the southern region of Kunashir, especially along its southwest coast, in the southern and central areas of Iturup, and in northwest Shikotan. The species composition of the long-horned beetles, which depends on the diversity of the woody species making up a stand, on different islands and even within the limits of the same islands, turns out to be non-identical. Thus, on Kunashir, in the region of the caldera of the Golovnin Volcano, where the participation of the broadleaved species reaches 50% and higher, the maximal number of long-horned beetles is observed - 47 species. Of these, 25 develop on broadleaved species, 14 on conifers, 1 can develop on both; the trophic links are unknown for 7 species. In the central region of the islands (the basin of the Lesnaya River), where the forests consist mainly of dark coniferous species, the number of long-horned beetle species is smaller (28), and their ratio is different: 14 on coniferous species, 12 on leaved, and 2 with unelucidated trophic links. On the east coast of Kunashir (north of Yuzhno-Kuril'sk set.), the forests have the same character as in the center of the islands, and the composition of the long-horned beetles inhabiting them differs little: 20 species (10 on coniferous species, 9 on leaved species, 1 with unelucidated links).
The complex of long-horned beetles associated with spruce and fir is fairly constant on Kunashir; it includes the following species: Distenia gracilis Bless., Rhagium inquisitor rugipenne Reitt., Evodinus interrogationis L., Leptura variicornis Dalm., L. succedanea Lew., L. scotodes Bat., Oedecnema dubius Motsch., Strangalia arcuata Panz., S. vicaria Bat., Strangalina attenuata L., Megasemum quadricostulatum Kr., Asemum punctulatum Bless., Tetropium castaneum L., Molorchus minor L., Monochamus urussovi Fisch., M. grandis Waterh., M. nitens Bat., Acanthocinus griseus Fabr. Some of these (Distenia gracilis Bless., Leptura variicornis Dalm., Molorchus minor L., Monochamus nitens Bat.) are encountered singly; the rest are fairly common and can even be numerous. As can be seen from the list presented, this list consists mainly of taiga (boreal) and Manchurian species.
With regard to long-horned beetles that are associated with leaved species, many of them are very rare and have been found only once. The overwhelming majority of these are representatives of the southern, i.e., Japanese, Manchurian, and Sino-Japanese species, for which the southern region of Kunashir is the northern limit of their distribution. Only boreal species are abundant in this group: Allosterna tabacicolor bivittus Motsch. and Strangalia aethiops Poda.
As compared with the dark coniferous-broadleaved stands of Kunashir, the long-horned beetle fauna of Iturup and Shikotan is markedly impoverished. But even here, southern forms are still encountered, although the long-horned beetle complexes on these islands differ appreciably.
Mainly boreal species, associated with spruce and fir (7 Transboreal, 2 Manchurian, and 2 Island) are characteristic for the broadleaved-dark coniferous forests of Iturup: Rhagium inquisitor rugipenne Reitt., Rh. japonicum Bat., Evodinus interrogationis L., Nivellia sanguinosa Gyll., Leptura succedanea Lew., L. scotodes Bat., Judolia sexmaculata L., Strangalia arcuata Panz., Asemum amurense Kr., Monochamus urussovi Fisch., Acanthocinus griseus Fabr. These are almost all quite common here, and given favorable conditions, for example, in obstructed felling sites or at the sites of windfalls, may multiply in fairly large numbers. In addition to the enumerated species, long-horned beetles are present in the coniferous forests of Iturup that develop in leaved species which are included in the composition of dark coniferous stands, such as Allosterna tabacicolor bivittus Motsch., Leptura cyanea Gebl., Strangalia aethiops Poda., Xylotrechus ibex Gebl., Cyrtoclytus caproides Bat., Paraclytus excultus Bat., Doius divaricatus Bat., Pogonocherus dimidiatus Bless., Acanthocinus stillatus Bat., Miccolamia verrucosa Bat., and Eutetrapha chrysargyrea Bat. In terms of its genetic connections, this group gravitates more toward the southern faunas, the Manchurian and the Japanese. It includes 4 Manchurian, 4 Kuril-Japanese, and only 5 Boreal species. Thus, the principal nucleus of the long-horned beetle fauna in the dark coniferous forests of Iturup continues to be in common with the Kunashir principal nucleus, but many species drop out, as compared with the Kunashir complex (Judolia cometes Bat., Oedecnema dubius Motsch., Strangalina attenuata L., Asemum punctulatum Bless., Tetropium castaneum L., Megasemum quadricostulatum Kr., Monochamus grandis Waterh., Agapanthia daurica Ganglb.), and are partially replaced by other representatives of the Boreal and Manchurian faunas that are lacking on Kunashir (Nivellia sanguinosa Gyll., Judolia sexmaculata L., Asemum amurense Kr., and others).
On Shikotan, the groups of long-horned beetles associated with the coniferous and leaved species differ from those on Iturup, not in terms of composition, but in numbers as well. The Kuril-Japanese and Manchurian species that are absent on Iturup, namely Monochamus grandis Waterh., Megasemum quadricostulatum Kr., Strangalia vicaria Bat., and Distenia gracilis Bless., develop here on coniferous species in fairly large numbers, whereas typically boreal, taiga species (Rhagium inquisitor rugipenne Reitt., Strangalia arcuata Panz., Tetropium gracilicorne Reitt., Monochamus urussovi Fisch.) occupy a subordinate position or are encountered extremely rarely (Criocephalus rusticus L.). On Shikotan, the following are southern elements that are characteristic mainly for leaved species: Leptura cyanea Gebl., Judolia cometes Bat., Strangalia subtilis Bat., Eryssamena tuberculata Pic, Exocentrus testudineus Matsush., Eutetrapha chrysargyrea Bat., and Cagosima sanguinolenta Thoms. The majority of these species are lacking on Iturup; there, as was mentioned above, a different complex of long-horned beetles are associated with the leaved species. Of the 10 species that are common to both islands, only Leptura succedanea Lew. achieves large numbers on Shikotan; the rest (Rhagium inquisitor rugipenne Reitt., Allosterna tabacicolor bivittus Motsch., Leptura cyanea Gebl., L. scotodes Bat., Strangalia arcuata Panz., Strangalia aethiops Poda., Xylotrechus ibex Gebl., Monochamus urussovi Fisch., Eutetrapha chrysargyrea Bat.) are encountered singly. The leaved stands that flourish on Iturup do not have specific species among the long-horned beetles that are associated exclusively with the Kuril Dahurian larch. Polyphage species that also live in dark coniferous forests live here: Rhagium inquisitor rugipenne Reitt., Leptura succedanea Lew., L. scotodes Bat., Evodinus interrogationis L., Strangalia arcuata Panz.
The Japanese stone pine grows on all the large islands, with the exception of Shikotan. Most often it occupies the mountain slopes, but not infrequently it also descends to the valleys, nearly to sea level. It is one of the principal forest-forming species in the central and northern parts of the Range, along with the alder. We did not find a specific grouping of long-horned beetles associated with the Japanese stone pine (as is the case with the larch as well). Polyphage species that are widespread within the limits of the taiga forests of the Palaearctic develop on it. On Urup these are Judolia sexmaculata L. and Strangalia arcuata Panz., and Asemum amurense Kr. on Iturup; there may be other species as well, that shift from the spruce and fir. Long-horned beetles that develop on the Japanese stone pine were not found in the north of the Range, although we did find old galleries of their larvae in small dried-out trunks.
A fairly small complex of long-horned beetles, including only 7 species, is characteristic for the Erman's birch stands of the southern islands; of these, only Strangalia aethiops Poda. is very abundant and widespread on all the southern islands. The remaining species are encountered sporadically and not on all the islands. Thus, on Kunashir, Xylotrechus ibex Gebl., Cyrtoclytus caproides Bat., Chlorophorus japonicus Chevrol., and Paraclytus excultus Bat. are associated with the birch, in addition to Strangalia aethiops Poda.; Chlorophorus japonicus Chevrol. drops out of this complex on Iturup, but Pogonocherus dimidiatus Bless., which is not observed on Kunashir, appears, while Paraclytus excultus Bat. becomes common, and numerous in places. This group is represented by only three species on Shikotan: Strangalia aethiops Poda., Xylotrechus ibex Gebl., and Exocentrus testudineus Matsush.; the last is also encountered on Kunashir, but is associated there with other leaved species. On Urup, according to the data of E. Gilmour (Gilmour, 1960), Strangalia quadrifasciata L. and S. aethiops Poda. develop on birch. Long-horned beetles associated with birch are not observed on the islands to the north of Urup, although elfin birch stands are fairly common in the northern part of the Range.
Willow and alder stands are encountered along the banks of rivers, streams, and lakes and on coastal marine terraces on nearly all the islands of the archipelago. In many places, they take on the character of elfin woods under the influence of the wind. Plectrura metallica Bat. is a typical inhabitant of these stands. Settling on weakened but still living trees, this long-horned beetle inflicts serious damage here and there, and it is the principal pest of these species on Urup, Paramushir, and other northern islands. In addition to Plectrura metallica Bat., Eryssamena tuberculata Pic, Exocentrus testudineus Matsush., and Cagosima sanguinolenta Thoms. have been observed singly on Kunashir and Shikotan; Acanthocinus stillatus Bat. and Miccolamia verrucosa Bat. on Kunashir and Iturup; and Lamia textor L. on Iturup.
The long-horned beetles of the Kuril archipelago have special features that distinguish them from the long-horned beetles of Sakhalin and the continental Far East. Thus, many species that are known in Siberia and on Sakhalin as dangerous pests of coniferous species, Monochamus urussovi Fisch., Tetropium castaneum L., T. gracilicorne Reitt., Rhagium inquisitor L., and some others, are encountered singly on the Kuril Islands and are even rare. At the same time, long-horned beetles that are entirely lacking on the continent and are encountered singly on Sakhalin, multiply here in large numbers. These include Judolia cometes Bat., Strangalia vicaria Bat., S. ochraceofasciata Motsch., Chlorophorus japonicus Chevrol., Paraclytus excultus Bat., and Plectrura metallica Bat.
Despite the abundance of individual species, foci of their multiplication were not found on the islands. This is explained by the absence of fresh burns and by the limited character of logging, which at the present time has been entirely terminated. We observed a concentration of many long-horned beetle species and relatively high numbers of some of them only in the Lesnaya River valley on Kunashir in 1962, in a region of active logging, where unbarked timber was stored in the summer, and in the environs of Lesozavodsk settlement on Iturup in 1963, at the sites of previous logging, where the dumping of trees had taken place around old felling sites. The main mass of the long-horned beetles develops in the trunks of windfallen, storm-broken, and dead-standing trees, as well as in declining trees, since the percentage of overmature trees is quite high in places on the Kuril Islands. This explains the abundance of species whose larvae develop in dead, and even in already rotted, wood - Allosterna tabacicolor bivittus Motsch., Leptura succedanea Lew., L. scotodes Bat., Strangalia arcuata Panz., and S. vicaria Bat. Judging by observations, foci of mass reproduction of the long-horned beetles on the Kuril Islands may arise when large windfalls or incorrect exploitation of the forest occur.
The phenological periods of long-horned beetle development under the conditions of the islands coincide with those on Sakhalin, and lag approximately a month behind the continental Far East. The first beetles appear at the very end of June-beginning of July, while the height of the flight commences in the second half of July and continues to the second half-end of August. Some species () appear still later, in the second half-end of August.
In terms of its genesis, the cerambycid fauna of the Kuril archipelago is heterogeneous. It was formed under the influence of two different faunas, the Boreal and the Palaearchaearctic. Therefore, both Boreal and the Palaearchaearctic species are present in its composition, and even particular representatives of more southerly Indo-Malaysian genera. In accordance with the character of the ranges which point to the origin of the species, we distinguish two principal complexes for the Kuril long-horned beetles, the Boreal and the Palaearchaearctic, which in their turn are subdivided into seven groups that reflect narrower faunistic associations (Table 9).
Two groups are assigned to the Boreal complex, which includes 29.3% of the species: the Transpalaearctic and the Eastern Palaearctic. They differ in the latitudinal extent of their ranges. The Transpalaearctic group combines species that are widely distributed throughout the Palaearctic forest zone. They comprise about one-quarter of the entire Kuril cerambycid fauna, are associated with coniferous species, and are quite evenly distributed over the territory of the southern islands; they also invade Urup. This group includes Evodinus interrogationis L., Nivellia sanguinosa Gyll., Leptura variicornis Dalm., Judolia sexmaculata L., Oedecnema dubius Motsch., Strangalia thoracica Creutz., S. quadrifasciata L., S. arcuata Panz., S. aethiops Poda., Strangalina attenuata L., Criocephalus rusticus L., Tetropium castaneum L., Molorchus minor L., Xylotrechus ibex Gebl., Lamia textor L., Monochamus urussovi Fisch., and Acanthocinus griseus Fabr. Palaearctic species that form special subspecies (Allosterna tabacicolor bivittus Motsch. and Rhagium inquisitor rugipenne Reitt.) in the eastern Palaearctic are also assigned to this group. The Eastern Palaearctic group is represented by just one species (Tetropium gracilicorne Reitt.), which has a transsiberian type of range.
The Palaearchaearctic complex, which constitutes 70.7% of the long-horned beetle fauna, combines five groups: the Manchurian, the Ussuri-Island, the Island, the Sino-Japanese, and the Chinese. It is distinctive in its very archaic nature and is characterized by the presence of relict forms (Paraclytus excultus Bat., Monochamus grandis Waterh., Rhopaloscelis unifasciatus Bless.), the presence of representatives of Indo-Malaysian genera (Leontium viride Thoms., Dihammus fraudator Bat., Asaperda meridiana Matsush., A. agapanthina Bat., Eryssamena tuberculata Pic), and by the restriction of a majority of the species to broadleaved forests.
The Manchurian group combines species that are widely distributed in the Amur basin and on the territory of Primorskiy Kray, partially of Mongolia, North East China, the Korean Peninsula, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and Japan. Some of them, which have an evident East Asian origin, reach as far westward as Transbaikalia and in particular instances, even as far as Eastern Siberia. This group includes: Prionus insularis Motsch., Distenia gracilis Bless., Leptura cyanea Gebl., L. succedanea Lew., L. scotodes Bat. (represented on the continent by a special subspecies), Strangalia femoralis Motsch., Megasemum quadricostulatum Kr., Asemum amurense Kr., A. punctulatum Bless., Rhopaloscelis unifasciatus Bless., Pogonocherus dimidiatus Bless., Agapanthia daurica Ganglb., and Eutetrapha chrysargyrea Bat.
The rather small Ussuri-Island group, whose species (Grammoptera chalybeella Bat. and Acanthocinus stillatus Bat.) are quite widespread on the islands (Sakhalin, Kurils, Japan) but on the continent are known in the southern region of Primorskiy Kray (mainly on the southern spurs of Sikhote-Alin'), is distinguished by a unique range.
The Island group (42.6% of the total number of species), which includes two subgroups, the Kuril-Japanese and the Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese, constitutes the principal nucleus of the Kuril cerambycid fauna. The range of the long-horned beetles of the Island group usually does not extends past the limits of the islands; only certain species are also encountered in the south of the Korean Peninsula, where they obviously penetrated in a period of temporary territorial connections in the geological past between Japan and the continent.
Species that are distributed in Japan and on the Kuril Range, but are unknown on Sakhalin, are assigned to the Kuril-Japanese subgroup. Some of these (Rhagium japonicum Bat., Pseudopidonia amentata Bat., Strangalia latipennis Matsush., S. subtilis Bat., Eustrangalis distenoides Bat., Monochamus nitens Bat., M. grandis Waterh., Mesosa senilis Bat., Pterolophia jugosa Bat., Exocentrus testudineus Matsush., and Clytosemia pulchra Bat.) inhabit the very south of the archipelago, mainly the southern half of Kunashir, and partially on Shikotan. This territory is evidently the northern limit of their range; this is confirmed by the exceptionally rare incidence of the overwhelming majority of these species. Another component of the Kuril-Japanese long-horned beetles (Paraclytus excultus Bat., Gaurotes suvorovi Sem., Miccolamia verrucosa Bat., and Doius divaricatus Bat.) is more widely distributed on the archipelago, as far as Iturup to the north, and partially on Urup. The rare species, Necydalis pennata Lew., is known thus far only on the Southern Kuril Islands and Hokkaido; it could therefore be assigned to the special Kuril-Hokkaido subgroup which has been set aside for the ground beetles, bark beetles, and other insects.
Long-horned beetles with a wider range, encompassing the south of Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and Japan (Judolia cometes Bat., Strangalia ochraceofasciata Motsch., S. vicaria Bat., S. circaocularis Pic, Cyrtoclytus caproides Bat., Chlorophorus japonicus Chevrol., Plectrura metallica Bat., Mesosa japonica Bat., Asaperda agapanthina Bat., Eutetrapha chrysargyrea Bat., Cagosima sanguinolenta Thoms.) belong to the Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese subgroup. They, just as in the case of the representatives of the preceding subgroup, are distributed primarily in the south of the Range, on Kunashir and Shikotan, with the exception of Plectrura metallica Bat. and Cyrtoclytus caproides Bat., of which the former reaches the northernmost islands, while the latter is encountered on Iturup. The long-horned beetles making up this subgroup are common on the southern islands, and many are even abundant.
Endemism of the long-horned beetles on the Kurils may be regarded slight, not only on the species, but on the subspecies, level. The lone Kuril species, Strangalia doii Matsush., raises doubts, since it was described only on the basis of one female and has not been encountered at all since then. We have included it provisionally in the Kuril-Japanese subgroup (see Table 9).
Chinese elements, divided into two small groups, are also present in the Kuril cerambycid fauna: the Sino-Japanese (Eryssamena tuberculata Pic, Glenea relicta Pascoe, Dihammus fraudator Bat.) and the Chinese (Asaperda meridiana Matsush.).
Analysis of the zoogeographical groupings under consideration shows that Palaearchaearctic species (48) predominate in the long-horned beetle fauna of the Kuril archipelago, while the Boreal species (20) occupy a subordinate position. By comparison with the long-horned beetle fauna of Sakhalin, closer ties are found here with the Japanese fauna, especially on the southern islands, and the influence of the Boreal fauna is attenuated, through the dropping out of some genera and species. The Boreal elements are distributed fairly evenly over the territory of the southern islands (Kunashir, Shikotan, Iturup), within the limits of the areas where the dark coniferous species flourish, and they predominate on Urup. The Palaearchaearctic elements are concentrated mainly on Kunashir (42 species), and are much more poorly represented on Shikotan (14) and Iturup (16).
In terms of population size, the long-horned beetles inhabiting the Kuril Islands can be divided into the abundant, the common, the sporadically encountered, and the rare. The rare species make up more than half of the fauna (35 species); there are 16 sporadically encountered species, 10 common, and 8 abundant. Extremely abundant long-horned beetles are not encountered at present on the Kuril Islands. The abundant and common species, which are background species create the dominant appearance of the fauna. The background species differ on different islands, but overall the Palaearchaearctic long-horned beetles predominate everywhere. Thus, there are 4 Boreal and 5 Palaearchaearctic species among the background species on Iturup, 5 and 13 respectively on Kunashir, and 1 and 5 on Shikotan. Thus, by comparison with Kunashir and Shikotan, the long-horned beetle fauna of Iturup is more northern, boreal, in character. It is apparent that the zoogeographical groups that have been distinguished will be maintained in the future; only their ratios may change somewhat.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES

1. Prionus insularis Motsch. We have not found it. Cited by S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) for K (Golovnino set.). Evidently very rare on the Kuril Islands. May develop on coniferous and leaved species (Plavil'shchikov, 1936). A Manchurian species. Distributed on K, southern Sakhalin (?), in Primorskiy and Khabarovskiy Krays, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), China (the northeast, Taiwan), and on the Korean Peninsula.
2. Distenia gracilis Bless. K - env. of Alekhino set., August, 1963, 2 spec., G. Sh. Lafer; Sh - env. of Malokuril'sk set., August 13, 1961, 2 spec.; August 27, 1963, 1 spec., spruce-fir forest. Belongs to the Manchurian group. Distributed on K, Sh, Sakhalin, in Khabarovskiy and Primorskiy Krays, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), and on the Korean Peninsula.
3. Rhagium inquisitor rugipenne Reitt. K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, July 27, 1961, 2 spec.; env. of Yuzhno-Kuril'sk set., July 25, 1962, 1 spec.; valley of Prozrachnyy Stream (Pacific Ocean littoral), August 27, 1964, larvae and pupae in spruce logs; I - env. of Lesozavodsk set., Lesozavodskiy Neck, July 20-24, 1963, 6 spec.; Sh - H. Kôno (Kôno, 1936c). Encountered sporadically on the Kuril Range in coniferous forests. We found larvae somewhat more frequently in windthrown fir and larch logs and on unbarked lumber. All specimens of Rh. inquisitor rugipenne Reitt. collected on the islands are smaller than on the continent. The species evidently does not find optimal conditions for development here. The larvae develop over the course of 1.5-2.0 years. Beetles were hatched out only by autumn from wintering older instar larvae collected in traps in the spring. In nature, older instar larvae and pupae of this long-horned beetle have been encountered at the end of August, so that young beetles apparently winter in pupal cells. An Eastern Siberian subspecies of widespread Transpalaearctic species whose range encompasses the Southern Kurils, Sakhalin, Eastern Siberia (from Baykal to the Pacific Ocean), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), the Korean Peninsula, and North East China.
4. Rhagium japonicum Bat. Cited according to the data of Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967), who mentions it for I without specifying the collection site. E. Gilmour (Gilmour, 1960) cites it cited under the name Stenorchus inquisitor Bat. It cannot be excluded that it is being confused with Rhagium inquisitor rugipenne Reitt. Known in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
5. Evodinus interrogationis L. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 9, 1962, 2 spec., mixed forest; /- env. of Kuril'sk, June 30, 1963, 5 spec.; region of Listvennichnoye Plateau, July 10-11, 1963, 15 spec.; Lesozavodskiy Neck, July 24, 1963, 2 spec. On I, larch stands, mixed broadleaved stands including larch, and dark coniferous forests, where the beetles are encountered on flowers, serve as its habitats. Here it most likely develops on the larch. E. Gilmour (Gilmour, 1960) cites two aberrations of this species, ab. punctatus Fald. and ab. anticequadripunctatus Plav., both on K. A widespread Transpalaearctic species, whose range includes K, I, Sakhalin, all Siberia, the Altay, the taiga zone of European USSR, North Mongolia, North China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
6. Gaurotes (Paragaurotes) suvorovi Sem. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 3, 1961, 2 spec.; July 15-23, 1962, 3 spec., on flowers of the carrot family and other plants; /- cited according to the data of Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). Quite common in dark coniferous-broadleaved forests of the southwest coast of K; although individual specimens are encountered, it is rare on I. We (Krivolutskaya, 1966) had previously cited it under the name G. ussuriensis Bless. Belongs to the Kuril-Japanese subgroup. Distributed on K, I, Sakhalin, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
7. Pseudopidonia amentata Bat. Cited by E. Gilmour (Gilmour, 1960) for U (Tokotan Bight). We have not encountered it. A Kuril-Japanese species, known on U and Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
8. Grammoptera chalybeella Bat. Listed by S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) for the Southern Kuril Islands, without specifying the collection site. We have not found it. Assigned to the Ussuri-Island species group. Distinguished by a characteristic range that encompasses the Southern Kurils, South Sakhalin, southern regions of Sikhote-Alin', and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
9. Allosterna tabacicolor bivittus Motsch. K - env. of Alekhino set., pass between Sernovdosk and Alekhino settlements, southwest coast near Stolbchatyy Cape, outside find dates July 7-30, 68 spec. in all; /- env. of Kuril'sk, west coast near Rybaki set., Kurilka River basin, region of Listvennichnoye Plateau, env. of Goryachiye Klyuchi, Lesozavodsk, and Reydovoye settlements, outside collection dates June 30-August 5, 101 spec. in all; Sh - (Kôno, 1936c). Common and very abundant species on K and I, rare on Sh. various forest formations, including broadleaved species, are characteristic habitats of the beetles. Mass flight of the beetles begins at the end of the first ten-day period of July and continues up to the beginning of August. Large clusters of the beetles can be seen in this period on flowering plants; on the flowers of goatsbeard, angelica, etc., as well as on stacks of oak and birch logs. It is known that the larvae of this long-horned beetle develop on various leaved species (Plavil'shchikov, 1936). The food plants on the Kuril Islands have not been established. A Transpalaearctic species, the eastern subspecies of which is distributed on the Southern Kurils (K, I, Sh), Sakhalin, throughout Siberia (more common east of Transbaikalia), in North China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
10. Nivellia sanguinosa Gyllh. /- env. of Kuril'sk, June 30, 1963, 1 spec., mixed forest of broadleaved species with an admixture of larch. Very rare on the Kuril Range. The development of this long-horned beetle is associated with coniferous species. A Transpalaearctic taiga species, distributed on I and Sakhalin, on the Kamchatka Peninsula, throughout Siberia (from the shores of the Pacific Ocean to the Urals), the taiga zone of European USSR, in Western Europe, North Mongolia, North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido).
11. Leptura (Anaploderomorpha) cyanea Gebl. K - east coast in the region of Cape Petrov, August 26, 1964, 2 spec., flood plain forest in the valley of a stream; I, Sh - according to the data of H. Kôno (Kôno, 1936c) and S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). Very rare on the Kuril Range. Food plants are unknown. Belongs to the Manchurian group. Distributed on the Southern Kurils (K, Sh, I,) Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, Eastern Siberia (eastward to Baykal), in North Mongolia, North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu). S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) cites this species under the name Anaploderomorpha cyanea Gebl.
12. Leptura variicornis Dalm. K - env. of Alekhino set., August 4, 1961, 2 spec. (male, female), in broadleaved-dark coniferous forest on hydrangea flowers. Encountered en masse on Sakhalin; rare on the Kuril Range. A typical Boreal species, distributed on K, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, throughout Siberia (from the Urals shores to Pacific Ocean), in the forest zone of European USSR, in Western Europe (rare), North Mongolia, North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). This species figures in S. Kuwayama's list (Kuwayama, 1967) under the name Corymbia variicornis Dalm.
13. Leptura succedanea Lew. (Figure 44, 6). K - env. of Alekhino set., pass between Sernovdosk and Alekhino settlements, shore of Lake Goryacheye, Okhotsk coast near Stolbchatyy Cape, slopes of Mendeleev Volcano, Pacific Ocean littoral, valley of Prozrachnyy Stream, outside find dates July 9-August 31, 81 spec.; Sh - central part of the island near Krabovoye set., env. of Malokuril'sk set., August 13, 1961, August 28, 1963, 76 spec. in all; / - Okhotsk coast near Kuybyshevo set., Kuybyshevskiy Neck, env. of Kuril'sk, Okhotsk coast south of Kuril'sk, Lesozavodskiy Neck, env. of Reydovoye set., outside find dates June 30-August 23, 101 spec. in all. One of the background, most abundant species on K, Sh, and I. Inhabits mixed dark coniferous-broadleaved and thin larch forests; the beetles are encountered large numbers of flowering plants, especially of the carrot family, and on the trunks of food trees. The larvae develop in dead, often rotten wood of various coniferous species. We happened to observe the depositing of eggs by females in the wood of Sakhalin fir and the Kuril Dahurian larch. The flight of the beetles proceeds from the middle of July to the end of August, individuals appear as early as the end of June. A characteristic Manchurian species. Distributed on southern islands of the Kuril archipelago, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, to the west reaches approximately the confluence of the Shilka and Argun' Rivers, in North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu). Many authors regard this form as nothing more than an east Asian subspecies of the European-Siberian long-horned beetle L. rubra L. It is necessary, in order to determine this more precisely, to study material from the junction of the ranges of both forms; this is not included in the objective of the present investigation; thus far we accept L. succedanea Lew. as an independent species.
14. Leptura scotodes Bat. (Figure 44, 7). K - env. of Alekhino set., pass between Sernovdosk and Alekhino settlements, env. of Lake Lagunnoye, env. of Yuzhno-Kuril'sk set., env. of Stolbchatyy Cape, western slopes of Mendeleev Volcano, outside find dates June 29-August 15, 144 spec. in all; Sh - env. of Malokuril'sk set., August 24, 1963, 1 spec.; Sh - env. of Malokuril'sk set., August 13, 1961; / - env. of Kuril'sk, Kuybyshevskiy Neck, region of Listvennichnoye Plateau, Lesozavodsk, Lesozavodskiy Neck, env. of Reydovoye set., outside collection dates June 30-August 23, 71 spec. in all. Encountered in the dark coniferous forests of K and I in large numbers and singly on Sh. The beetles cluster on the flowers of the carrot family en masse. The larvae develop in dead fir wood (Krivolutskaya, 1961). The beetles appear at the end of June-beginning of July; their most active flight takes place in the second half of July. The flight then begins to lessen, but the beetles turn up on flowers and food plants up to the end of August. Damage is obviously not inflicted, since the beetle occupies dead standing and windthrown trunks. Belongs to the Manchurian group. The nominative form is distributed on the Southern Kurils (K, Sh, I), Sakhalin, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); a subspecies, L. scotodes continentalis Plav., is distributed on the continent, in the southern regions of Primorskiy Kray, and in North China (Plavil'shchikov, 1936). J. L. Gressitt (Gressitt) distinguishes two subspecies, Anaplodera scotodes scotodes Bat. and A. scotodes continentalis Plav.; this is evidently more correct. S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) cites this species under the name Marthaleptura scotodes Bat.
15. Judolia (s. str.) sexmaculata L. I - region of Listvennichnoye Plateau, July 10-14, 1963, 4 spec., mixed forest with participation of larch, Japanese stone pine, and leaved species, on the flowers of northern angelica; U - shore of Lake Tokotan, August 13, 1963, 1 spec., in dried-out small trunk of Japanese stone pine. The beetles make their first flight in July, the larvae develop in the wood of coniferous species. A Transpalaearctic species. Distributed on I, U, Sakhalin, on Kamchatka, in Magadanskaya Oblast, Primorskiy and Khabarovsk Krays, throughout Siberia, European USSR, North Mongolia, North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu). E. Gilmour (Gilmour, 1960) cites two aberrations of this species on U - ab. parallelopedia Motsch. and ab. centrisculpta Cepelak.
16. Judolia (Pachytodes) cometes Bat. (Figure 40, 6). K - env. of Alekhino, Yuzhno-Kuril'sk, and Sernovdosk settlements, env. of Lake Lagunnoye, western slopes of Mendeleev Volcano, valley of Prozrachnyy Stream, outside find dates July 10-August 31, 29 spec. in all; Sh - env. of Malokuril'sk set., August 14, 1961, August 25, 1963, 16 spec. in all; region of Kray Sveta, August 27, 1963, 22 spec., dark coniferous forest, on flowers. Encountered in broadleaved-dark coniferous forests, especially numerous on Sh. Food plants not precisely established. The larvae most likely develop in wood of coniferous species. An Island species, distributed on Sakhalin, K, Sh, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
17. Oedecnema dubius Motsch. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 1, 7, 1962, 2 spec.; pass between Sernovdosk and Alekhino settlements, July 10-31, 1962, 15 spec., in dark coniferous forest, on flowers of meadow salsify [shelomaynik = Tragopogon pratensis (according to Dal') = goat's beard], meadowsweet [labaznik (Filipendula)], goatsbeard, and other flowering plants; env. of Mendeleevo set., July 29, 1962, 1 spec.; env. of Lake Peschanoye, July 10, 1962, 1 spec., mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest. Common on K, but not numerous; encountered where dark coniferous species flourish, in whose wood the larvae develop. The beetles fly from the beginning of July to the middle of August, alight on flowers. Has no practical significance. A Transpalaearctic species. Distributed on the Kuril Range (K), Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the continental Far East (from the south of Primorskiy Kray to Magadanskaya Oblast), throughout Siberia, in the Central and Southern Urals, European USSR (sporadically), in North Mongolia, North China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
18. Eustrangalis distenoides Bat. (Figure 3). K - env. of Alekhino set., August 3, 1961, 1 spec., in mixed broadleaved forest on flowers of panicled hydrangea. Extremely rare on the Kuril Range. The southwestern region of K is evidently the northern boundary of its distribution. Ecology unknown. A typical representative of the Japanese fauna which belongs to an Indo-Malaysian genus, richly represented in South and West China. Known on K and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku).
19. Strangalia (s. str.) thoracica Creutz. Sh - according to the data of H. Kôno (Kôno, 1936). We did not encounter it on the Kuril Islands; it is evidently very rare here. A Transpalearctic species. Distributed on Sh, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, throughout Siberia, in the Urals, the Caucasus, European USSR, in Western Europe, North Mongolia, North China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), but is everywhere encountered singly. S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) cites it under the name Leptura thoracica Creutz.
20. Strangalia (s. str.) quadrifasciata L. U - env. of Lake Tokotan (Gilmour, 1960). We did not find it. It evidently lives on birch on U. Widely distributed in the forest zone of the Palearctic: on U and Sakhalin, throughout Siberia, in European USSR, Western Europe, North Mongolia, North China, and on the Korean Peninsula.
21. Strangalia (s. str.) arcuata Panz. (Figure 44, 2). K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, env. of Goryachiy Plyazh, Mendeleevo, and Alekhino settlements, pass between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, the valley of the Lesnaya River, env. of Mendeleevo set., close to Stolbchatyy Cape, and the Pacific Ocean coast close to Remontnyy Cape, outside find dates July 1-August 31, 191 spec. in all; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 26-28, 1963, 5 spec.; I - env. of Kuril’sk, basin of the Kurilka River, region of Listvennichnoye Plateau, env. of Goryachiye Klyuchi set., Lesozavodskiy Neck, and env. of Lesozavodsk set., outside collection dates June 30-July 25, 32 spec. in all; U - is observed by E. Gilmour (Gilmour, 1960) in env. of Lake Tokotan. Very numerous on K; present on the other islands in smaller numbers, but is a background species. Associated with coniferous species (spruce and fir); therefore is distributed in dark coniferous forests of various types. The first beetles appear at the very end of June-beginning of July; their mass flight takes place at the end of July-beginning of August. At that time the beetles feed on flowers. The larvae develop in dead wood. Settles mainly on dead standing/barkless and windthrown trees, by which it accelerates the destruction of the windthrown wood, and renders an undoubted service. A Transpalearctic taiga species, the range of which encompasses the Kuril Islands (K, Sh, I, U), Sakhalin, Primorskiy Kray, entire taiga zone of Siberia and the forest zone of European USSR (excluding the Ukraine), Crimea, the Caucasus, North China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu). We and E. Gilmour (Gilmour, 1960) observed a number of colored forms of this species on the Kuril Islands, however, their territorial delimitation has not been noted.
22. Strangalia (s. str.) doii Matsush. Described by M. Matsushita (Matsushita, 1933b) on I on the basis of one female; it has not been found again by anyone. We assigned it to the provisional Kuril endemics.
23. Strangalia latipennis Matsush. (Figure 4). K - env. of Alekhino set., July 31, 1961, 1 female, in mixed forest; July 22-August 2, 1962, 2 males, 2 females, in broadleaved forest on meadow salsify [shelomaynik] flowers; the shore of Lake Goryacheye, July 16-18, 1962, 2 females, on flowers. Distribution on the Kuril Range is limited to the region of the caldera of Golovnin Volcano, which is evidently the northern boundary of the range of the species. Food plants and larva unknown. An Island species, belonging to the Kuril-Japanese subgroup. Known on K and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
24. Strangalia (s. str.) ochraceofasciata Motsch. (Figure 40, 7). K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, env. of Alekhino set., pass between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, env. of Sernovodsk set., the valley of the Lesnaya River, and env. of Stolbchatyy Cape, outside find dates July 7-August 16, 72 spec. in all. Lives in broadleaved-dark coniferous forests of the southern half of K. Large numbers of beetles of this long-horned beetle cluster on the flowers of the panicled hydrangea, meadow salsify, and other plants from the middle of July to the middle of August. Food plants and larva unknown. An Island, namely a Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese species. Distributed on K, Sakhalin, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
25. Strangalia (s. str.) subtilis Bat. Sh - according to the data of H. Kôno (Kôno, 1936c). We have not encounter it. Very rare on the islands. A Kuril-Japanese species. Known on Sh and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
26. Strangalia aethiops Poda. K - env. of Goryachiy Plyazh, Yuzhno-Kuril’sk, and Alekhino settlements, env. of Lake Lagunnoye, pass between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, region of Stolbchatyy Cape, the Okhotsk littoral, and western spurs of Mendeleev Volcano, outside collection dates June 27-August 3, 130 spec. in all; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 27, 1963, 2 spec., dark coniferous forest, from flowers; I - env. of Kuril’sk, the valley of the Kurilka River, env. of Lesozavodsk set., and Lesozavodskiy Neck, outside find dates June 30-July 23, 32 spec. in all; U - env. of Lake Tokotan (Gilmour, 1960). One of the most numerous long-horned beetles on K and I; encountered singly on Sh. Lives in various types of mixed forests with participation of leaved species. N. N. Plavil’shchikov (1936) lists birch and oak as food plants. Food species not established under the conditions of the Kuril Islands. The flight of the beetles continues from the end of June to the middle of August. In this period beetles stay on mass on various flowering plants, especially on the panicled hydrangea, meadow salsify [shelomaynik], and carrot family. Of the observed aberrations, ab. letzneri Gabr. is quite common on I; it is distinguished from the primary form by a longer and denser hirsute integument of a rusty color; ab. matsushitai Heyr. is very rare; it has reddish elytra covered by black hairs. The species range is characteristic for the Transpalearctic group; it encompasses the Kuril Islands (K, Sh, I, U), Sakhalin, the Kamchatka Peninsula, Magadanskaya Oblast, Khabarovskiy and Primorskiy Krays, all of Siberia, the Caucasus, European USSR, Western Europe, North Iran, Turkish Armenia, North Mongolia, North China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
27. Strangalia vicaria Bat. (Figure 44, 1). K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, env. of Alekhino set., pass between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, the valley of the Lesnaya River, env. of Mendeleevo and Golovnino settlements, the Pacific Ocean littoral, and the valley of Prozrachnyy Stream, outside find dates July 10- August 31, 49 spec. in all; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set. and env. of Kray Sveta Cape, August 22-28, 1963, 41 spec. in all. Lives in broadleaved-dark coniferous forests of the southern half of K and on Sh, where clusters of beetles are encountered here and there on flowers of various plants and on the trunks of food species. The first beetles appear in the middle of July; the main flight takes place from the last ten day period of July to the end of August. The larvae develop in dead, sometimes rotten wood of windthrown and sawed fir trees. In a felling site in the basin of the Lesnaya River on July 27, 1962, we observed the deposition of eggs by female in a rotten fir log, devoid of bark. The eggs were deposited in cracks and clefts in the wood. On stocks of freshly-harvested lumber, the beetles are absent at this time. An Island, namely a Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese species. Distributed on K, Sh, Sakhalin, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu). It figures in the recent literature under various names: Leptura (s. str.) obliterata vicaria Bat. (Gressitt, 1951), L. vicaria Bat. (Nakane, 1962), and Nakanea vicaria Bat. (Kuwayama, 1967).
28. Strangalia circaocularis Pic. K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, July 27, 1961, 1 female, mixed forest; env. of Lake Peschanoye, July 9, 1962, 1 spec. Rare on the Kuril Range. Evidently belongs to the group of Island species, since it is known on Sakhalin, K, and Hokkaido (?). The species status of this long-horned beetle is not entirely clear. Review of the type specimens of two species described from the islands, S. circaocularis Pic and Etorofus variicornis Matsush., is necessary to clarify it. The first was described by M. Pic (Pic, 1934) on Sakhalin (the type is kept in the collection of N. N. Plavil’shchikov), and the second by Matsushita (Matsushita, 1933b) on I (the type is housed in Hokkaido University). J. L. Gressitt (Gressitt, 1951) cites it under the name Leptura (s. str.) circaocularis Pic, while S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) cites it under the name Pedostrangalia variicornis Matsush. It cannot be excluded that S. circaocularis Pic and Etorofus variicornis Matsush. will proof to be identical, but their assignment to Pedostrangalia is doubtful, since the characters which are typical for this subgenus are not expressed in S. circaocularis Pic: the brilliant longitudinal stripe in the first and second segments of the hind tarsi is absent and the large dots at the posterior angles of the pronotum do not form clearly marked groups.
29. Strangalia (Pedostrangalia) femoralis Motsch. I - according to the data of S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). We have not found it; it is evidently very rare on the Kuril Islands. A Manchurian species. Distributed on I, Sakhalin, and in Primorskiy Kray; westward it approximately reaches the confluence of the Shilka and Argun’ Rivers; it is known from North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu). It is cited by S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) under the name Pedostrangalia femoralis Motsch.
30. Strangalina attenuata L. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 23, 1962, 1 spec. broadleaved-dark coniferous forest, on flowers; August 27, 1963, 2 spec., G. Sh. Lafer; the valley of the Lesnaya River, July 27, 1962, 2 spec., dark coniferous forest, felling site. It is encountered rarely on the Kuril Range. Lives in dark coniferous forests. Belongs to the group of Transpalearctic species. Distributed on K, Sakhalin, in the continental regions of the Far East, throughout Siberia, in European USSR, in the Caucasus, in Western Europe, North Iran, North East Turkey, North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido).
31. Necydalis pennata Lew. K - according to the data of H. Kôno (Kôno, 1936c) and S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967); we have not encounter it. Very rare on the Kuril Islands. An Island, specifically, Kuril-Hokkaido species, having a markedly limited range within K and Hokkaido.
32. Criocephalus rusticus L. Sh - as in the case of the preceding, cited on the basis of H. Kôno (Kôno, 1936c) and S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). Extremely rare under the conditions of the Kuril Range. We have not observed it. A Transpalearctic species. Distributed on Sh, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy and Khabarovskiy Krays, throughout Siberia, in European USSR, in Western Europe, Mongolia, North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu). Cited by S. Kuwayama under the name Arhopalus rusticus L.
33. Megasemum quadricostulatum Kr. (Figure 44, 3). K - env. of Alekhino set., pass between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, and the valley of the Lesnaya River, outside find dates July 11-August 26, 8 spec. in all; Sh - env. of Krabovaya Bight, August 13, 1961, August 26, 1963, 2 spec. in all; env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 25, 1963, 1 spec. A fairly common inhabitant of dark coniferous and broadleaved-dark coniferous forests of Sh and K. Larvae develop in the wood of coniferous species (spruce and fir). Individual beetles appear at the very end of July, but their main emergence takes place in the middle of August. During the flight, the beetles are encountered on the trunks of trees, on grass, and fly toward the light. They are frequently encountered in logging regions. In Japan the species is a serious pest of lumber. It may also do damage to harvested wood under the conditions of the Kuril Islands. A representative of a characteristic Palaearchaearctic genus, having a range of the Manchurian type. Distributed on K, Sh, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy and Khabarovskiy Krays, westward reaches the city of Raddevka on the Amur, in North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
34. Asemum amurense Kr. I - env. of Burevestnik set., August 25, 1961, 2 spec., larvae in the small trunk of the Japanese stone pine; env. of Kuril’sk, September 10, 1961, 1 spec., mixed forest. Fairly rare on the Kuril Islands. Lives in mixed forests. The larvae develop in the small trunks of the Japanese stone pine, and, evidently, in other coniferous species. When A. amurense Kr. larvae were raised in containers, a single-year generation of the species was established. Thus, the middle-aged larvae, taken on August 25, 1961 on I and which were kept in the laboratory completed feeding and pupated on March 14, 1962, and the beetles emerged from them on March 27, 1962. Consequently, the duration of the pupal phase is about 2 weeks. In nature the emergence of the beetles takes place later, in June-July. A Manchurian species which is distributed quite far to the west. Known on I, Sakhalin, the Kamchatka Peninsula, and in the Amur basin, where it is more common in the middle and lower courses; it is encountered singly in Eastern Siberia and reaches as far as the Altay; it is also distributed in North East China, North East Mongolia, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
35. Asemum punctulatum Bless. K - env. of Yuzhno-Kuril’sk set., July 25, 1961, 1 spec.; the valley of the Lesnaya River, July 27, 1962, 10 spec., felling site in dark coniferous forest, on spruce logs in freshly-harvested stacks. Lives in dark coniferous forests on spruce. We observed the settling by this long-horned beetle of unbarked spruce logs in the valley of the Lesnaya River. The beetles were found under bark scales where they were evidently laying their eggs. This long-horned beetle may damage spruce lumber, especially in logging sites. Belongs to the group of Manchurian species; is distributed on K, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, the Amur basin, in North China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
36. Tetropium castaneum L. K - env. of Yuzhno-Kuril’sk set., July 25, 1962, 1 spec., mixed forest, on a leaf of Kuril bamboo; the valley of the Lesnaya River, July 27, 1962, 1 spec., in dark coniferous forest on fir. Rare on the Kuril Range. A Transpalearctic species. Distributed on K, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, the Amur basin, throughout Siberia, in European USSR, in Western Europe, Mongolia, North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
37. Tetropium gracilicorne Reitt. Sh - the northeast area of the island close to Cape Kray Sveta, August 27, 1963, 5 spec., in dark coniferous forest on stumps of the "small-seeded" spruce (= Yezo spruce?). It is encountered rarely on the Kuril Archipelago; its discovery on other islands as well where dark coniferous forests flourish is entirely probable. A Transsiberian species, whose range encompasses the Far East, including the islands of Sakhalin and Sh, all of Siberia (including the Altay), Mongolia, North East China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
38. Molorchus minor L. K - the valley of the Lesnaya River, August 1962, 2 spec., dark coniferous forest, on flowers, V. A. Nechaev. Very rare under the conditions of the Kuril Islands, associated with dark coniferous forests. A common Transpalearctic species, distributed almost ubiquitously where there are coniferous forests (with the exception of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Magadanskaya Oblast, and Central Asia), beyond the borders of the USSR, in Western Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkish Armenia, Mongolia, North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
39. Leontium viride Thoms. (Figure 39, 7). K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, env. of Sernovodsk set., pass between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, env. of Alekhino set., the shore of Lake Goryacheye, env. of Lake Peschanoye, the valley of the Lesnaya River, the Okhotsk littoral close to Stolbchatyy Cape, and the Pacific Ocean littoral near Cape Petrov, outside find dates July 10-August 31, 33 spec. in all. A common inhabitant of broadleaved-dark coniferous forests of the southern region of K. The beetles are encountered quite often on flowers of various plants from the beginning of July to September. They are more numerous in forests adjacent to the Okhotsk littoral. They usually keep to thinned sites, mainly along forest fringes, in forest clearings, and coastal meadow areas, where there are many flowering shrubs, members of the carrot family, and other herbaceous plants. The food plants are unknown, but the species is evidently associated with leaved species, since it is not encountered in pure dark coniferous forests. The only representative of the tropical tribe Callichromini on the Kurils. The majority of representatives of the genus live in the Indo-Malaysian region. L. viride Thoms. belongs to the Sino-Japanese group, is distributed in China (North, Central and on Taiwan), on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu). Sakhalin and K are evidently the northern limit of its range.
40. Xylotrechus ibex Gebl. K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, July 27, 1961, 1 spec., mixed forest, on birch trunk; Sh - env. of Krabovaya Bight, August 26, 1963, 1 spec., on birch trunk; I - the Okhotsk littoral south of Kuril’sk, July 28, 1963, 3 spec., broadleaved-dark coniferous forest, from birch logs. Relatively rare everywhere. The beetles are found most often on birch logs and on weakened and dried out birch trees, in the wood of which their larvae develop; more rarely on flowers. Various forest stands including birch serve as the habitats of the beetles. The flight takes place in July-August. A widely distributed Transpalearctic species, which is absent in Japan and is quite rare in Europe. More numerous in Siberia and in the Far East. It is known beyond the boundaries of the USSR in North Mongolia, North China, and on the Korean Peninsula.
41. Cyrtoclytus caproides Bat. K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, env. of Sernovodsk set., pass between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, env. of Alekhino set., the shore of Lake Goryacheye, and env. of Mendeleevo set.; I - Yasnoye set., July 23, 1961, 1 spec., from logs on a pier; env. of Kuril’sk, July 28, 1963, 2 spec., mixed forest. Is encountered much more frequently than the preceding species on the Kuril Range. The beetles fly from the middle of July to the middle of August; during that time they feed on flowers or are found on plants, in which the development of their larvae takes place. The birch is the food plant under the conditions of the islands; other leaved species may be food plants elsewhere. In China, for example, J. L. Gressitt (Gressitt, 1951) mentions Diospyros kaki. An Island species, which is included in the composition of the Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese group. Known on Sakhalin, K, I, in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), on the Korean Peninsula, and in North East China. It has evidently penetrated the Korean Peninsula and North East China from the islands; however, it has not become widely distributed on the continent.
42. Chlorophorus japonicus Chevr. (Figure 40, 8). K - pass between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, July 31-August 5, 1961, 4 spec., mixed forest, from flowers; the shore of Lake Goryacheye, August 1, 1961, 1 spec., from a "Maksimovich" alder trunk; env. of Alekhino set., June 29-August 7, 1962, 13 spec., broadleaved-dark coniferous forest, from the flowers of hydrangea, meadow salsify [shelomaynik], and other plants. A common long-horned beetle in the broadleaved-dark coniferous forests of the southern half of K; it has not been encountered on other islands of the Kuril Archipelago.
The beetles fly throughout July and August. The larvae develop in dried out and dead wood of the birch, mulberry, possibly the alder, and other leaved species. There are grounds to assume that their development continues over the course of 2 years. Thus, in the middle of August of 1962, we collected middle and old instar larvae of this long-horned beetle from the white mulberry and the Erman’s birch. During the winter some of these were kept in containers in the laboratory at a temperature of (+18)-(+20° ). Their development was not interrupted during this period: 2 larvae in branches of the white mulberry molted and pupated once on December 19, and on January 4, 1963, the beetles emerged from them. Other larvae which were found in birch sections were kept outdoors in the winter and maintained at a temperature of the ambient air until the beginning of April. Larvae transferred to the laboratory in the middle of April began to pupate, and the emergence of the beetles lasted from May 3 through 25. In the open the development of the larvae ends only at the end of June-middle of July, and the young beetles appear mainly not earlier than the middle of July. Thus, by the middle of August only first instar larvae may develop from the freshly-deposited eggs. The older instar larvae which we found during that time, on the other hand, evidently developed from eggs deposited the previous (1961) year. The pupal phase of this species lasts 12-17 days. Mating commences in the young beetles soon after hatching. Observations of the behavior of the beetles in the containers showed that they are active in daylight, especially sunny illumination; the rest of the time they hide under bark scales or in other shady sites. The occupation of weakened or dead trees is very dense. The larval burrows are dug in close proximity to one another, and sometimes intertwine; they are densely packed with fine powder-like bore meal, which when having dried somewhat spills from the outer portions of the burrows. When inhabiting weakened trees this long-horned beetle apparently can play the role of a physiological pest.
We had erroneously cited it under the name Ch. motschulskyi Ganglb. (Krivolutskaya, 1966). However, after careful checking it was established that all of the specimens in our collections are Ch. japonicus Chevr. S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967) cites it under the name Rhaphuma japonica Chevr. An Island, namely Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese species, which has penetrated, as in the case of the preceding species, the Korean Peninsula and China. Distributed on Sakhalin, K, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
43. Paraclytus excultus Bat. (Figure 65, 2). K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, July 27, 1961, 1 spec.; env. of Alekhino set., August 3, 1961, 1 spec.; July 12-August 7, 1962, 3 spec.; I - env. of Kuril’sk, Rybaki set. (Okhotsk coast), the basin of the Kurilka River, the Okhotsk littoral in the region of Listvennichnoye Plateau, Lesozavodskiy Neck, outside find dates June 30-July 24, 22 spec. in all. More common on I in stands including birch; numerous in places. The beetles not infrequently are concentrated on stacks of birch logs, and on dried out birch trunks, in the wood of which their larvae evidently develop, as well as on flowers. The flight of the beetles takes place from the end of June to the middle of August. An Island, namely Kuril-Japanese species. Belongs to an ancient relict genus, which has been preserved in several sites of the Palearctic since the Tertiary. Distributed on K, I, in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), and in China (on Taiwan).
44. Plectrura metallica Bat. (Figure 49, 2). K - env. of Goryachiy Plyazh set., July 26, 1961, 1 spec., pupa under alder bark, from which the beetle emerged on August 3, 1961; shore of Lake Goryacheye, August 1, 1961, 3 spec.; July 16-August 14, 1962, 4 spec.; env. of Alekhino set., June 29-July 22, 1962, 8 spec.; I - shore of Lake Sopochnoye, August 1, 1966, 1 spec., G. Sh. Lafer; A - cited by H. Kôno (Kôno, 1936c) and other Japanese entomologists; U - env. of Lake Tokotan, August 11, 1963, 1 spec., in elfin mixed stand on alder trunk; P - env. of Severo-Kuril’sk, July 16-August 17, 1964, 13 spec., elfin alder stands, on the trunks of the "Kamchatka" alder; Shu - env. of Kozyrevsk set., July 29, 1964, 1 spec., on alder trunk. It is a principal pest of the alder on the Kuril Islands; it follows its food plant and is found in various types of forest, containing alder. The larvae of this long-horned beetle can develop also on the willow and the mountain ash. The only species distributed throughout the entire archipelago, from the southern to the northern islands. It is most likely encountered on nearly all the islands, but it has not been found thus far on some because those islands have hot been studied intensively. In the open the beetles appear in the second half of July, and then are encountered throughout the entire summer to the end of August. They keep to the trunks and branches of weakened and drying alder trees, and more rarely willow, preferring shady areas; they feed on flowers exceptionally rarely. They occupy primarily weakened and drying trunks, but may also attack entirely viable and even healthy trees. The females gnaw out fairly small notches, 1.5-2.0 mm in length, and deposit their eggs under the surface, coriaceous layer of the bark. A larva which has hatched from the egg first lives in the outer layers of the bark; later it burrows into its depth and reaches the phloem, but it feeds on the bark for the majority of its life; the dark-brown fine bore meal which densely packs the burrows attests to this. The larval burrows take the form of irregular, elongated, wide areas, which expand even more toward the end (Figure 5). The burrows are not cleaned of the bore meal. The larva pupates under the bark, without burrowing into the wood; this evidently in fact provides P. metallica Bat. with the possibility of occupying viable trees. It may inflict appreciable physiological damage by injuring the phloem layer. An Island, namely Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese species, belonging to the Palaearchaearctic subgenus Phlyctidola. Known on Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands (Sh, P, A, U, I, K), in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), and in China (Taiwan). Listings for the Korean Peninsula require checking. It cannot be excluded that it will be found on Kamchatka.
45. Lamia textor L. I - Kuril’sk (Kuwayama, 1967). We have not found it; very rare on the Kurils. On I it can develop on the Japanese poplar, willows, and alder. A widely distributed Transpalearctic species. Known in the forest zone of Eurasia (from the littoral of the Pacific Ocean to Western Europe, inclusively), on Sakhalin, I, in Japan (Hokkaido), on the Korean Peninsula, and in North East China.
46. Monochamus urussovi Fisch. K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, July 27, 1961, 1 male; valley of the Lesnaya River, July 27, 1962, 1 female, in a felling site in dark coniferous forest; env. of Alekhino set., August 16-28, 1963, 1 male, 1 female, G. Sh. Lafer; env. of Mendeleevo set., August 9, 1963, 2 males, G. Sh. Lafer; valley of the Prozrachnyy Stream (Pacific Ocean littoral), August 28-31, 1964, 3 males, in felling site; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 13, 1961, 1 spec., I - env. of Lesozavodsk set., August 28, 1961; larval burrows in windfallen trunks of the Sakhalin fir. By contrast with Siberia and even Sakhalin, where this species is listed among the dangerous pests of coniferous species; it is encountered singly in dark coniferous forests and does not inflict harm under Kuril Islands conditions. Here it occupies mainly the windthrown fir and spruce trees. It is also scanty in timber harvesting sites. The beetles fly from the end of July to the end of August. The range of this Transpalearctic species is very wide; it encompasses the entire taiga zone from the shores of the Pacific Ocean to European USSR. It is also known on Sakhalin, K, I, in Chukotka, and Northern Kazakhstan; it was relatively recently introduced into the southern region of the Kamchatka Peninsula, where it successfully acclimatized (Ivliev, Kononov, 1963); it is distributed beyond the borders of the USSR in Mongolia, North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido).
47. Monochamus grandis Waterh. (Figure 44, 4, 5). K - env. of Mendeleevo set., July 27, 1962, 1 female, spruce-fir forest, on a road; env. of Alekhino set., August 28, 1963, 1 female, G. Sh. Lafer; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 17, 1963, 1 male, in dark coniferous forest, on tall herbaceous vegetation; the northeast section of the island in the region of Cape Kray Sveta, August 27, 1963, 3 males, 1 female, from fir logs and stumps in dark coniferous forest. Largest representative of the genus Monochamus. Lives in the dark coniferous forests of K and Sh, and is encountered sporadically. The flight of the beetles on the Kurils extends from the end of July to the beginning of September; in Japan, from the end of June to September.
According to the data of T. Nakane (Nakane, 1962), in Japan the beetles fly in the evening hours, lay one egg each into a notch; the larvae develop over the course of two years in felled (or windthrown) trunks of coniferous trees. According to our observations, the beetles fly in the daytime as well, occupy weakened and drying (more often thick) trees, as well as freshly-harvested Sakhalin fir lumber. The eggs are deposited in the majority of instances in the lower portions of the trunks. The notches gnawed out by the female in the bark before depositing the eggs are similar in form and dimensions to the notches of other long-horned beetles of the genus Monochamus, for example, M. urussovi Fisch.
The mode of life of the larva is also similar to that found in other long-horned beetles of this genus, but the sizes of the larval burrows and the beetles' exit holes are much larger. Opening and examining of old larval burrows showed that the larva passes some of its life under the bark, where feeds on the phloem. Then burrows deeply into the wood, but periodically returns under the bark to eject bore meal from the burrows; clumps of bore meal are found under the bark and at the base of the trunks of damaged trees. The bore meal of M. grandis Waterh. is similar to the bore meal of M. urussovi Fisch., except that the remnants of wood are finer and more uniform. The width of the entrance openings of the larvae into the wood reaches 55, and of the larval burrows in the wood 20-35 mm; their height is 10 mm; the diameter of the beetles' exit holes is 15-16 mm. The pupal cell is gnawed out in the surface areas of the wood at a distance of 20-30 mm from the surface of the trunk.
Overmature, dried, and felled (or windthrown) fir trees with damage caused by this long-horned beetle are found quite often in the dark coniferous forests of Sh. It is a serious pest of weakened dark coniferous forests and lumber in Japan. It evidently may inflict appreciable damage on the Kurils when there is a large number of weakened trees in the forest. A typically Island species, belonging to the Kuril-Japanese subgroup. Distributed on K, Sh, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
48. Monochamus nitens Bat. K - shore of Alekhino Stream, August 8, 1962, 1 female, on a road. Extremely rare on the Kuril Range. The southwest region of K is evidently a northern boundary of the range of this Japanese species. The biology has not been studied, although it is known that the larva develops in the spruce. In addition to K, it is encountered in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku). The listing for Sakhalin (Mitono, 1940; Gressitt, 1951; Plavil’shchikov, 1958) is in need of more precise determination.
49. Dihammus fraudator Bat. K - Alekhino set., August 28, 1963, 1 spec., G. Sh. Lafer. As in the case of the preceding species, it is exceptionally rare on the Kuril Islands. It is, evidently, associated with leaved species. A representative of a tropical genus which is characteristic mainly of the Indo-Malaysian and Australian regions and only to some extent of the Palaearchaearctic. It is listed for Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and East China (Gressitt, 1951; Nakane, 1962). We have assigned it to the Sino-Japanese subgroup; N. N. Plavil’shchikov (1958) considers the taxonomic status of this species not entirely elucidated and requiring checking. T. Nakane (Nakane, 1962) cites it under the name Cypriola fraudator Bat.
50. Mesosa japonica Bat. K - env. of Alekhino set., August 16, 1962, 1 spec., emerged from a pupa, taken from the trunk of the Manchurian elm in a coniferous-broadleaved forest. Very rare on the Kuril Range. The larva lives in the phloem and the surface sections of the wood; it expands its burrow before pupation and carries it into the depth of the bark where it gnaws out a pupal cell, densely packing the entrance into it with large sawdust. The pupal phase lasts 10-15 days. The beetles appear in August. An Island, namely a Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese species. Known from the south of Sakhalin and K, in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), and in China (Taiwan).
51. Mesosa senilis Bat. (Figure 6). K - env. of Alekhino set., July 31, 1961, 1 spec., broadleaved forest, from meadowsweet flowers. Very rare on the Kuril Range; it is evidently confined only to broadleaved forests of the southwest region of K. The biology has not been studied. A typical Kuril-Japanese species, known on K and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
52. Pterolophia jugosa Bat. (Figure 7). K - env. of Alekhino set., August 6, 1962, 1 spec., coniferous-broadleaved forest, on the leaves of oak coppice shoots; August 31, 1962, 3 spec., extracted from elm trunks. Quite common in broadleaved forests of southwestern K, where it lives on the Manchurian elm. The larva digs its burrows in the phloem and the surface sections of the wood. The beetles appear at the beginning of August and are encountered until September. We extracted these long-horned beetles from elm sections. Occupies weakened and drying, thick branches of overmature trees. The only representative in our fauna of a southern, species-rich Sino-Japanese genus Pterolophia . A Kuril-Japanese species, distributed to a limited degree on K and widely distributed in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); the listing for China, namely Taiwan (Kano, 1926, 1928), is doubtful in the opinion of J. L. Gressitt (Gressitt, 1951).
53. Asaperda meridiana Matsush. K - area between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, July 31, 1961, 1 spec., mixed forest, on logs; env. of Alekhino set., July 3, 1962, 1 spec., broadleaved forest, on grass; valley of the Lesnaya River, July 27-30, 1962, 2 spec., dark coniferous forest with admixture of leaved species. It is encountered sporadically during July in the dark coniferous-broadleaved forests of K . The food plants and biology have not been elucidated. Belongs to an east Asian genus, distributed mainly in Japan and China. A Chinese species, known on K, in Japan (southeastern regions), and in China (Taiwan). Has thus far not been found in Japan.
54. Asaperda agapanthina Bat. K - env. of Alekhino set., June 28-29, 1962, 2 spec., coniferous-broadleaved forest, from tall herbaceous vegetation. Rare on the Kuril Islands; its distribution here is evidently limited to the southwestern K. The white mulberry and the "Japanese linden" (Tilia miqueliana) are the food plants (Gressitt, 1951). An Island, namely Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese species, whose range encompasses the southern regions of Sakhalin and K, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku).
55. Rhopaloscelis unifasciatus Bless. K - area between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, July 31, 1961, 1 spec., mixed forest, from tall herbaceous vegetation; env. of Alekhino set., August 4, 1961, 1 spec., dark coniferous-broadleaved forest, from the bark of the cork tree; July 15, 1962, 1 spec. It is quite rare on the Kurils, and, evidently, is associated with broadleaved forests of southwestern K. According to the data of N. N. Plavil’shchikov (1932), Salix babylonica and Populus are the food plants of this long-horned beetle; according to our observations, the Sakhalin cork tree may be a food plant as well. A Manchurian species, considered by N. N. Plavil’shchikov as a relict of the Tertiary. Distributed on K, in Primorskiy and Khabarovskiy Krays, on the Korean Peninsula, in South East China, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
56. Doius divaricatus Bat. (Figure 8). K - env. of Alekhino set.; the majority of the beetles we collected were hatched from sections; they are found very rarely in the open, and are not present on flowers; outside hatch dates of the beetles August 2- September 9, 10 spec. in all; I - according to the data of H. Kôno (Kôno, 1936c), it is cited under the name D. rufescens Matsush. Quite rare in southwestern K, associated with broadleaved forests. The larvae develop in drying trunks and branches of the silver magnolia, Manchurian ash, and Sakhalin cork tree, and possibly in the wood of other broadleaved species as well. The beetles appear at the beginning of August and are encountered on the trunks of trees to the middle of September. The beetles winter over, and the larvae possibly do so as well. The generation is one-year. A representative of a characteristic Japanese genus which is absent on the continent; only one species reaches as far as China (Taiwan). Based on the character of the range, it is included in the subgroup of Kuril-Japanese species. Distributed on K, I, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu). We erroneously cited it under the name Kuatunia sp. (Krivolutskaya, 1966).
57. Clytosemia pulchra Bat. (?) K - env. of Alekhino set., August 2, 1962, 2 spec., flood-plain forest, on drying small branches of the Manchurian ash. We had previously provisionally cited it (Krivolutskaya, 1966) under the name Sophronica koreana Gress. After J. L. Gressitt checked the identification, the name was declined, but it was not possible to precisely establish the species membership of this long-horned beetle. J. L. Gressitt has suggested the present name is open to question. Small long-horned beetle larvae, evidently belonging to this species, were found on the small branches of the ash on which the beetles were found. The beetles are very adroit, and jump quickly to the ground at the appearance of danger. In view of the imprecision of its determination, the zoogeographical assignment of the species is also not entirely clear. It has been provisionally assigned to the Kuril-Japanese subgroup of the Island species.
58. Pogonocherus dimidiatus Bless. I - basin of the Kurilka River, July 5, 1963, 1 spec.; leaved forest, on birch trunk. Very rare on the Kuril Range. J. L. Gressitt (Gressitt, 1951) cites the beech and elm as food plants for this long-horned beetle. However, the range of P. dimidiatus Bless is wider than the range of the species; therefore it can undoubtedly develop on other leaved species as well; the birch may be one of these. A Manchurian species, distributed on I, in Primorskiy Kray, Eastern Siberia, in China (North East and on Taiwan), on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
59. Acanthocinus griseus Fabr. K - env. of Alekhino set., July 30, 1962, 1 spec., in mixed forest on grass; valley of the Lesnaya River, July 25-29, 1962, 46 spec., felling site in dark coniferous forest, on fir logs in stacks; the Okhotsk littoral south of Stolbchatyy Cape, 30 July, 1962; larvae and pupae under the bark of felled (or windthrown) fir in dark coniferous forest; the Pacific Ocean coast close to Remontnyy Cape, August 27, 1964, 5 spec., felling site in dark coniferous forest, on fir logs in stacks; I - env. of Lesozavodsk set., July 24, 1963, 1 spec., old felling site in dark coniferous forest, on felled (or windthrown) fir trunks. Quite rare on I; common in dark coniferous forests of K, and numerous in lumber harvesting sites. The flight of the beetles continues from the end of July to the beginning of September. We observed mating and the deposition of eggs at the end of July. First instar larvae winter over, as, possibly, do the young beetles. The generation is one-year. The larvae which have emerged from eggs deposited in July-August complete their development at the end of July of the following year. Fir is the principal food plant under Kuril Islands conditions. Can apparently inflict appreciable damage on lumber in lumber harvesting regions or at the sites of a large pile-up of dead trees, for example, in the case of massive windfall of the forest. A Transpalearctic species. Distributed on K, I, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy and Khabarovskiy Krays, in the taiga zone of Siberia, in the Altay, European USSR, and Western Europe, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
60. Acanthocinus stillatus Bat. K - env. of Alekhino set., August 12, 1962, 1 female, dark coniferous-broadleaved forest, on a small branch of a felled (or windthrown) alder; Pacific Ocean coast near Remontnyy Cape, August 26, 1964, 1 spec., leaved flood-plain forest; I - basin of the Kurilka River, July 5, 1963, 1 spec., leaved flood- plain forest, on birch log. Rare on the Kuril Range; associated with broadleaved forests. According to our observations, the larvae develop in alder wood (we encountered a female depositing eggs in a small branch of a windthrown "Maksimovich" alder); according to the data of A. I. Kurentsov (1950), the development takes place on the maple in Primorskiy Kray. It may possibly occupy other leaved species as well, since we have found the beetles on birch logs on I . K. Tamanuki’s (Tamanuki, 1933) indication that the larvae develop in the Yeddo spruce, is evidently erroneous. An Ussuri-Island species. Distributed in the south of Primorskiy Kray, on Sakhalin, K, I, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
61. Eryssamena tuberculata Pic (Figure 9). K - Alekhino set., August 13, 1963, 1 male, G. Sh. Lafer; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 27, 1963, 3 males, 2 females, mixed flood-plain forest, on small branches of windthrown alder. Quite rare on the Kuril Range. The beetles are not encountered on flowers. The alder is evidently the food plant, and possibly other leaved species as well. A representative of a tropical genus which is distributed in China and Japan. A Sino-Japanese species. Known in China and Japan. S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967), referring to our collections, incorrectly cites it as Pogonocherus tuberculatus Pic.
62. Exocentrus testudineus Matsush. K - env. of Alekhino set., June 29-August 3, 1962, 18 spec. in all; shore of Lake Goryacheye, July 19, 1962, 1 spec., on spindle tree; Sh - env. of Malokuril’sk set., August 22, 1963, 1 spec., mixed forest, on small birch trunk. It is encountered on K quite frequently; it cannot be excluded that it will be found on I. Lives in coniferous-broadleaved forests. The larvae develop on silver magnolia, Sakhalin cork tree, the shallow-cup Mongolian oak (=Quercus crispula?), spindle tree, birch, and possibly on other species. The beetles occupy the thin small trunks and small branches of markedly weakened, drying, and dead standing trees. Initially the larvae dig wide burrows densely packed with bore meal under the bark, then burrow the wood, and reach the pith in the fine small trunks and small branches; they continue their burrow along the pith for 1-2 cm. Then they again gnaw into the wood and construct a pupal cell in its surface layers, so that a 3-5 mm thick partition separate the emerging beetle from the surface of the trunk. At the end of June-beginning of July, the larvae complete their development and pupate. Thus, we simultaneously observed older instar larvae, pupae, and young beetles which have had just appeared in the small trunk of a spindle tree on July 6, 1962. The flight of the beetles begins in the middle of July, and they are then encountered throughout the summer. A representative of a subtropical and tropical fauna. The majority of the species of the genus Exocentrus are known in India, China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan; several species are known in Europe and in the Caucasus (one in Siberia). E. testudineus Matsush. is distributed on K, Sh, in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), and on the Korean Peninsula. Assigned to the Kuril-Japanese zoogeographical subgroup. We had previously cited it as E. saitoi Matsush (Krivolutskaya, 1964).
63. Miccolamia verrucosa Bat. (Figure 10). K - shore of Lake Goryacheye, August 30, 1962, 1 spec., leaved flood-plain forest, on trunk of "Maksimovich" alder; I - env. of Kuril’sk, June 30, 1963, 1 spec., mixed forest, on dried out trunk of "Sakhalin" cherry; env. of Lesozavodsk set., July 29, 1963, 1 spec., broadleaved-dark coniferous forest, on sen trunk. Rare on the Kuril Range; not encountered on flowers. Develops on the "Maksimovich" alder (the beetles are hatched from sections) and, possibly, on other leaved species. Judging by the collection dates, the flight of the beetles continues from the end of June to September. Miccolamia is a typical Island genus, all species of which are known in Japan and in China (Taiwan). This long-horned beetle has been assigned to the Kuril-Japanese subgroup; it is distributed on K, I, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku). We had cited it under the name Pseudanaesthetis seticornis Gress. (Krivolutskaya, 1966); the identification was refined by J. L. Gressitt.
64. Agapanthia daurica Ganglb. K - env. of Alekhino set., June 29, July 1-3, 1962, 10 spec., coniferous-broadleaved forest, on tall herbaceous vegetation; July 31, 1961, 1 spec.; env. of Lake Lagunnoye, July 27, 1961, 9 spec., coniferous-broadleaved forest; Sh - env. of Malokuril'sk set., August 25, 1963, 1 spec., dark coniferous forest, on tall herbaceous vegetation. It is fairly common in the dark coniferous-broadleaved forests of K; it is rare on Sh. A Manchurian species, distributed quite far to the west. Known on K, Sh, Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, and the Amur basin; fairly common up to Lake Baikal; it reaches Minusinsk to the west, but it is encountered more rarely beyond Baikal; it has also been listed for Mongolia, North East China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
65. Eutetrapha chrysargyrea Bat. K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, pass between Sernovodsk and Alekhino settlements, env. of Sernovodsk and Mendeleevo settlements, shore of Lake Goryacheye, and the Pacific Ocean coast near Remontnyy Cape; outside find dates June 29-August 26, 8 spec. in all; Sh - the northeast of the island close to Cape Kray Sveta, August 27, 1963, 1 spec., dark coniferous forest; I - Lesozavodskiy Neck, July 24, 1963, 1 spec., from a mountain ash trunk; env. of Reydovoye set., August 3, 1963, 1 spec., from a mountain ash trunk. Common in the dark coniferous-broadleaved forests of K; it is encountered more rarely on other islands. The flight of the beetles extends from the end of June to the beginning of September. The beetles are encountered more frequently on flowers and more rarely on the trunks of trees. We have found them on small drying trunks of the mountain ash and a vine, the climbing hydrangea, in whose wood larvae possibly develop. A Manchurian species, distributed on the south of the Kuril Range (K, Sh, I), on Sakhalin, in Primorskiy Kray, Eastern Siberia and North East China, on the Korean Peninsula, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu). However, it is not found often on the continent, and it is apparently displaced by the close species Eu. metallescens Motsch.
66. Eutetrapha chrysochloris Bat. K - Grigor’evo set., according to the data of S. Kuwayama (Kuwayama, 1967). We have not encounter it. Very rare on the Kurils. It belongs to the Island, namely the Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese subgroup, on the basis of the character of the range. It is known on K, Sakhalin, and in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Described by Betts as Paraglenea chrysochloris Bat.
67. Cagosima sanguinolenta Thoms. (Figure 49, 1). K - env. of Alekhino set., July 31, 1961, 2 spec., coniferous-broadleaved forest, on Cacalia leaves; env. of Sernovodsk set., June 23, 1962, 1 spec., leaved forest, on small alder branches; Pacific Ocean coast near Remontnyy Cape, August 26, 1964, 1 spec., flood-plain forest, on alder; Sh - env. of Krabovaya Bight, August 26, 1963, 1 spec., on small alder bush. Encountered sporadically. The beetles appear at the end of June and fly till the end of August. It is known that in Japan the larvae of this long-horned beetle develop in alder and birch. Under Kuril Islands conditions they are apparently associated with the same plants. An Island, namely Sakhalin-Kuril-Japanese species, whose range encompasses K, Sh, Sakhalin, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu), and China (Taiwan). Belongs to an endemic monotypic Japanese genus.
68. Glenea relicta Pascoe (Figure 11). K - env. of Lake Lagunnoye, July 27, 1961, 1 spec., coniferous-broadleaved forest; env. of Yuzhno-Kuril’sk set., July 25, 1961, 1 spec.; env. of Alekhino set., July 7, 1962, 1 spec., on grass. It is encountered singly in the dark coniferous-broadleaved forests of K; it is very rare on Sakhalin. The territory of these islands is evidently the northern boundary of the species range. The beetles fly from the middle of July to the middle of August and are found on tall herbaceous vegetation. According to the data of J. L. Gressitt (Gressitt, 1951), the elm is the food plant. It possibly develops on the other species as well under Kurils conditions. Belongs to a tropical genus, which is richly represented in Southeast Asia, namely in China, especially on Taiwan, and in the Province of Hainan, as well as in Japan. G. relicta Pascoe is the only species of the genus which invades far to the north. It belongs to the group of Sino-Japanese species on the basis of the character of the range; it is distributed on K, Sakhalin, in Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and the Ryukyu Archipelago), on the Korean Peninsula, and in China (including Taiwan).
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